S. 2731 would authorize appropriations for fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to provide assistance to foreign countries to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

== Detailed Summary ==

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(LogTom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008 - <b>Title I: Policy Planning and Coordination: </b>(Sec. 101) Amends the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (Act) to revise the provisions of the President's comprehensive five-year global strategy (and related report) to combat HIV/AIDS.

Directs the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally (Coordinator) to: (1) commission a study by the Institute of Medicine to assess progress and outcomes of U.S. global HIV/AIDS programs; and (2) publish a best practices report.

Requires a report from the Comptroller General.

Directs the Inspectors General of the Department of State and Broadcasting Board of Governors, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to jointly develop five coordinated annual plans for oversight activity.

(Sec. 102) Amends the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 to revise and expand the Coordinator's duties, including providing for: (1) establishment of an interagency working group on HIV/AIDS; (2) coordination of overall U.S. HIV/AIDS policy and programs with host countries and other relevant bilateral and multilateral aid agencies; (3) approval of U.S. programs to combat HIV/AIDS in Vietnam; and (4) working with host countries to editestablish HIV/AIDS prevention programs for injection drug users and participants in the wikicommercial sex trade.

Adds Vietnam to the list of countries approved for activities relating to combating HIV/AIDS.

(Sec. 103) Expresses the sense of Congress about the importance of country coordinators, foreign service nationals, and staffing levels for country teams.

<b>Title II: Support and Multilateral Funds, Programs, and Public-Private Partnerships</b> - (Sec. 201) Amends the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to authorize FY2009-FY2013 appropriations for U.S. contributions to: (1) tuberculosis vaccine development programs, which may include the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation; (2) the Vaccine Fund; (3) the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative; and (4) the Malaria Vaccine Initiative of the Program for Appropriate Technologies in Health (PATH).

(Sec. 202) Authorizes FY2009-FY2013 appropriations for the U.S. contribution to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

Extends through FY2013 limitations on U.S. contributions to the Fund: (1) exceeding 33% of contributions from all sources; and (2) respecting assistance to countries supporting acts of international terrorism.

Withholds 20% of FY2010-FY2013 appropriations for the Global Fund until the Secretary of State certifies achievement of certain accountability and transparency benchmarks.

(Sec. 203) States that Congress recognizes the need to expand the range of interventions for preventing the transmission of HIV, including non-vaccine prevention methods that can be controlled by women.

Amends the firstPublic Health Service Act to direct the Office of AIDS Research (of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)) to expedite implementation of federal strategic plans for microbicide research and update such plans annually. Authorizes FY2009-FY2013 appropriations.

Directs the the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (of NIH) to conduct microbicide research and development for prevention of HIV transmission in developing countries.

Directs the the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) to implement the Centers' microbicide agenda to support microbicide research and development for prevention of HIV transmission in developing countries. Authorizes FY2009-2013 appropriations.

Directs USAID, in cooperation with the Coordinator, to develop and implement a program to facilitate wide scale availability of microbicides that prevent the transmission of HIV if such microbicides are proven safe and effective. Authorizes FY2009-FY2013 appropriations.

(Sec. 204) Amends the Act to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury, through the Office of Technical Assistance, to provide technical assistance to host countries to improve their public finance management systems in order to receive assistance and operate their own programs to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Authorizes FY2009-FY2013 appropriations.

(Sec. 205) Amends the Public Health Service Act to authorize the Secretary of Health and Human Services to participate with other countries in cooperative research, health care services, and other related activities.

Eliminates the provision prohibiting the Secretary from providing financial assistance for facility construction in a detailed summaryforeign country.

(Sec. 206) Authorizes USAID to strengthen the capacity of developing countries to: (1) conduct proper protocols for the bill!)introduction of new and safe vaccines; (2) review protocols for, and improve implementation of, clinical trials and impact studies; and (3) ensure adequate supply chain and delivery systems.

Directs the Secretary of the Treasury to: (1) enter into negotiations with appropriate entities including the World Bank and GAVI Alliance to establish advanced market commitments to purchase vaccines to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and other related infectious diseases; and (2) report to the appropriate congressional committees.

Directs the President to produce a report setting forth a strategy for vaccine development.

<b>Title III: Bilateral Efforts - Subtitle A: General Assistance and Programs </b>- (Sec. 301) Amends the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 with respect to HIV/AIDS assistance policy objectives and goals to be achieved by 2013.

Includes countries in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America within the scope of assistance to combat HIV/AIDS.

Revises and expands the scope of HIV/AIDS prevention activities.

Sets forth congressional findings respecting compacts and framework agreements.

Revises annual report provisions.

Amends the Act to: (1) authorize appropriations through FY2013 for assistance to combat HIV/AIDS; and (2) obligate amounts from such funds through FY2013 for procurement and distribution of HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals.

Directs the Coordinator and USAID to integrate food security and nutrition activities into HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care activities. Authorizes FY2009-FY2013 appropriations for such integrative activities.

Provides that organizations, including faith-based organizations, receiving HIV/AIDS-related funds shall not be required to endorse or utilize activities or programs to which they have a moral or religious objection, and shall not discriminated against in the solicitation or issuance of grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements for such refusal.

(Sec. 302) Amends the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to set forth U.S. policy goals respecting the reduction by 2015 of tuberculosis in countries with high incidence of such disease.

Sets forth eligible tuberculosis control activities, with priority to be given to activities described in the Stop TB Strategy (as defined by this Act).

Authorizes the President, through USAID, to provide increased resources to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership to improve the capacity of countries with high tuberculosis rates and other affected countries to implement the Stop TB Strategy and specific strategies related to drug resistant tuberculosis.

Amends the Act to authorize through FY2013: (1) appropriations for activities to combat tuberculosis; and (2) the use of certain unobligated funds for such activities.

(Sec. 303) Amends the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to authorize through FY2013: (1) appropriations for assistance to combat malaria; and (2) the use of certain unobligated funds for such assistance.

Amends the Act to direct the President to establish a five-year strategy to combat global malaria.

(Sec. 304) Establishes within USAID a Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat Malaria Globally who shall have primary responsibility for the oversight and coordination of all resources and global U.S. government activities to combat malaria.

Authorizes the President to make a U.S. contribution to the Roll Back Malaria Partnership and WHO to improve the capacity of countries with high rates of malaria and other affected countries to implement comprehensive malaria control programs.

Sets forth provisions establishing CDCP malaria research and monitoring duties.

Directs the President to report annually to the appropriate congressional committees respecting U.S. assistance for the prevention, treatment, control, and elimination of malaria.

(Sec. 305) Amends the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate infection with the etiologic agent for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a public health grounds for alien nonadmission.

(Sec. 307) Amends the Act to revise requirements of the five-year strategy to combat HIV/AIDS as it pertains to mother-to-child transmission, care and treatment of family members, and care for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS.

(Sec. 308) Extends from 5 years to 10 years the annual presidential reporting requirement respecting the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission.

(Sec. 309) Directs the Coordinator to establish a panel of experts to be known as the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Panel to: (1) review activities to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; and (2) recommend to the Coordinator and to the appropriate congressional committees increases of mother-to-child transmission prevention services. Authorizes FY2009-FY2011 appropriations for the Panel.

Directs the Panel to submit its recommendations to the appropriate congressional committees. Terminates the panel 60 days after the report's submission.

<b>Title IV: Authorization of Appropriations</b> - (Sec. 401) Authorizes appropriations to carry out the Act through FY2013.

(Sec. 403) Directs the Coordinator to: (1) provide balanced funding for prevention activities for sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS; (2) ensure that abstinence, delay of sexual debut, monogamy, fidelity and partner reduction programs are implemented and funded in each host country's strategy; and (3) establish an HIV sexual transmission prevention strategy governing funding to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV in any host country with a generalized epidemic.

Extends through FY2013, and revises, the set-aside for assistance for orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS.
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== Status of the Legislation ==

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Latest Major Action: 3/7/2008: Referred to7/16/2008: Senate committee.floor actions. Status: Read twice and referredReturned to the Committee on Foreign Relations.Calendar. Calendar No. 698.
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== Points in Favor ==

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== Points Against ==

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